birch reduction of ephedrine

Published by on November 13, 2020

[26], In chemical synthesis, ephedrine is used in bulk quantities as a chiral auxiliary group. Its action bears more resemblance to amphetamine than to fluoxetine in that its primary mode of therapeutic action involves norepinephrine and to a lesser degree dopamine, but it also releases some serotonin from presynaptic clefts. [52] A Schedule 4 drug is considered a Prescription Only Medicine, or Prescription Animal Remedy – Substances, the use or supply of which should be by or on the order of persons permitted by State or Territory legislation to prescribe and should be available from a pharmacist on prescription under the Poisons Standard (October 2015).[52]. The product is then reacted with a retro-aldolase, forming benzaldehyde. [10] It is available as a generic medication. Nagai Method. Ephedrine should not be used at any time during pregnancy unless specifically indicated by a qualified physician and only when other options are unavailable. It is of unclear benefit in nasal congestion. Many commercial immunoassay screening tests directed at the amphetamines cross-react appreciably with ephedrine, but chromatographic techniques can easily distinguish ephedrine from other phenethylamine derivatives. [5] It is often used to prevent low blood pressure during spinal anesthesia. [8][9] It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. "[47] In 2004, the FDA created a ban on ephedrine alkaloids marketed for reasons other than asthma, colds, allergies, other disease, or traditional Asian use. The resulting 1,4-cyclohexadienyl group is a potentially versatile intermediate for further synthetic transformations. Ephedrine exports from China to the West grew from 4 to 216 tonnes between 1926 and 1928. Previous work available in the scientific literature reported only one route specific impurity using ephedrine hydrochloride as the starting material. In saquinavir synthesis, the half-acid is resolved as its salt with l-ephedrine. In January 2002, Health Canada issued a voluntary recall of all ephedrine products containing more than 8 mg per dose, all combinations of ephedrine with other stimulants such as caffeine, and all ephedrine products marketed for weight-loss or bodybuilding indications, citing a serious risk to health. ], Ephedrine was long thought to come from modifying the amino acid L-phenylalanine. The principal mechanism of action relies on its indirect stimulation of the adrenergic receptor system by increasing the activity of norepinephrine at the postsynaptic α and β receptors. World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines, United Nations Convention Against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances, norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitors, U.S. District Court for the District of Utah, U.S. Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit, Combat Methamphetamine Epidemic Act of 2005, "Ephedrine Hydrochloride 15mg Tablets Summary of Product Characteristics (SmPC)", "Ephedrine Nasal Drops 1.0% Summary of Product Characteristics (SmPC)", "Title 21: Food And Drugs Part 341—Cold, Cough, Allergy, Bronchodilator, And Antiasthmatic Drug Products For Over-The-Counter Human Use", "Ephedrine Pregnancy and Breastfeeding Warnings", "Comparison of the effects of D-(-)-ephedrine and L-(+)-pseudoephedrine on the cardiovascular and respiratory systems in man", "Dietary supplements in weight reduction", "Chiral polycyclic ketones via desymmetrization of dihaloolefins", "A Pharmacological Study of the Ephedrine Isomers", 10.1002/1439-7633(20011001)2:10<784::AID-CBIC784>3.0.CO;2-K, "Chinese medicine's great waste of resources", "Chemically Synthesized Ephedrine Put into Mass Production in China", "Health Canada requests recall of certain products containing Ephedra/ephedrine", "Benefits, limits and danger of ephedrine and pseudoephedrine as nasal decongestants", Federal Register: June 4, 1997 (Volume 62, Number 107): Dietary Supplements Containing Ephedrine Alkaloids; Proposed Rule, Federal Register: April 3, 2000 (Volume 65, Number 64): Dietary Supplements Containing Ephedrine Alkaloids; Withdrawal in Part, Federal Register: February 11, 2004 (Volume 69, Number 28): Final Rule Declaring Dietary Supplements Containing Ephedrine Alkaloids Adulterated Because They Present an Unreasonable Risk; Final Rule, "Sport Drug Testing - Drug Programs & Policy - Athletics", mast cell stabilizer (some are also antihistamines), https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ephedrine&oldid=984355251, World Health Organization essential medicines, Short description is different from Wikidata, Drugs with non-standard pregnancy category, Articles with changed ChemSpider identifier, Chemical articles with multiple CAS registry numbers, Drugboxes which contain changes to verified fields, Drugboxes which contain changes to watched fields, Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2004, All articles containing potentially dated statements, Articles lacking reliable references from May 2016, Wikipedia medicine articles ready to translate, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, IV (seconds), IM (10 min to 20 min), by mouth (15 min to 60 min).

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